What causes there to be a H+ ion concentration gradient to build up inside the thylakoid space? Check all that apply. a. The electrons provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space. b. A special enzyme produces more H+ ions. c. Photons of light create more H+ ions. d. The photolysis of water releases H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

a. The electrons provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

d. The photolysis of water releases H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

Explanation:

This question describes the first stage of photosynthesis, which is LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION. The light dependent reactions involve creating ATP (energy carrier) and NADPH (electron carrier) needed for the Calvin cycle (light independent stage) to occur.

The ATP is formed by pumping hydrogen ions (H+) into the thylakoid space/lumen, hence, creating a electrochemical gradient needed for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP. The buildup of H+ ions is caused by:

- The electrons that arise when light photons hit a chlorophyll molecule is used to provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

- The photolysis of water results in the production of electrons (e-) and hydrogen ions (H+). These hydrogen ions are released into the thylakoid space.

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