Albinism affects the coloring or pigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. Affected individuals typically have very fair skin and white or light-colored hair. Albinism also reduces pigmentation in the eye, resulting in vision problems and increased sensitivity to light. Albinism can result from mutations in several genes that are involved in the production of melanin, which reduces pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes. Albinism is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Read the passage carefully. Predict whether the mutation is positive, negative, or neutral for animals in the wild, and why.

only b 

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein