Measuring Species Diversity Environmental scientists are often interested in evaluating both species richness and species
evenness, so they have come up with indices of species diversity that take both measures into
account. One commonly used index is Shannon's index of diversity. To calculate this index, we must
know the total number of species in a community (n) and, for each species, the proportion of the
individuals in the community that represent that species (p). Once we have this information, we can
calculate Shannon's index (H) by taking the product of each proportion (p) and its natural logarithm
[In (P) and then summing these products, as indicated by the summation symbol (2):
H=-
SpIn (P)
Σ

Read the following scenario to answer the following question. over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines, and some species have become extinct. scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. however, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. these global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. in switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction. when most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that a. the founder effect becomes increasingly important b. microevolution no longer occurs c. gene flow between populations is reduced d. artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution

Which of the following is not considered an appendage of the skin? nails glands follicles none of the above

Identify characteristics of energy from the sun. check all that apply. almost all of the energy on earth comes from the sun. energy from the sun is known as mechanical energy. the energy in fossil fuels originally came from the sun. plants convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy.