Which characteristic of life is essential for all the other characteristics of life?

Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? a) a population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population.b) the separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.c) the isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population.d) different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations.e) gene flow between the two populations is extensive.

As scientist had investigated evolution from a variety fields they have found

What tool do geneticists use to predict the outcome of genetic crosses? a.karyotype b.punnett square c.centrifuge