How is the sex of the offspring determined? solely by which chromosome from the male, the X or the Y, combines with the female chromosome
solely by the "Y" chromosome
independent of the female chromosome
by the combination of the sex chromosomes of the male and female

i think its the second one

primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. secondary succession occurs

the water is warmed up by the sun and then it evaporates into the atmosphere. the sunlight warms the water by its heat. water is then cooled down and condensation takes place. the water then finally returns back to the earth by the process of precipitation in the form of rain or ice.

explanation: