1. Describe the similarities and differences between endocrine and nervous regulation?
All neurons have several features in common, including a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. These structures are important for transmitting neural impulses, electrical signals that allow neurons to communicate with one another.
Neurons are specialized, depending on their required functions:
Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs, such as the eyes or ears.
Motor neurons carry impulses to muscles and glands.
Interneurons transfer signals between sensory and motor neurons, as well as in between other interneurons.
In a resting neuron, there is a separation of ions in the cell regulated by sodium-potassium pumps. If a neuron receives a large enough signal, the resting potential changes, producing an electrical impulse called an action potential. Once an impulse begins, it moves down the axon until it reaches the axon terminal.
2. The pancreas and the gonads are glands with double secretion. Explain why. Endocrine organs are ductless organs of the endocrine framework that emit their items, chemicals, straightforwardly into the blood. The significant organs of the endocrine framework incorporate the pineal organ, pituitary organ, pancreas, ovaries, testicles, thyroid organ, parathyroid organ, nerve center, and adrenal organs. The nerve center and pituitary organs are neuroendocrine organs.
3. Patients suffering from the disease diabetes mellitus have an increased level of blood sugar. Why hormone is insufficient and what it the functions of this hormone? β
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin, resulting in high levels of sugar in the bloodstream. There are many different types of diabetes; the most common are type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which is covered in this article. Gestational diabetes occurs during the second half of pregnancy and is covered in a separate article. Diabetes can also be caused by disease or damage to the pancreas, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, and there are also some rare genetic forms.
Diabetes mellitus is linked with an increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, poor blood circulation to the legs, and damage to the eyes, feet, and kidneys. Early diagnosis and strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels can help to prevent or delay these complications associated with diabetes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (regular exercise, eating healthily, and maintaining a healthy weight) is important in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes can be looked for by testing a urine sample for sugar but for a diagnosis, a blood sample is required. This may be a simple measurement of the sugar level, usually fasting. Alternatively, a test called an HbA1c can be used which estimates sugar levels over the past couple of months. If someone has typical symptoms of diabetes, only a single abnormal test is required. Where there are no symptoms, a second confirmatory test is required. Sometimes, particularly in pregnancy, a glucose tolerance test is performed which involves blood tests before and 2 hours after a sugary drink.
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas by special cells, called beta cells. The pancreas is below and behind the stomach. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar (glucose) into cells. Inside the cells, glucose is stored and later used for energy.
When you have type 2 diabetes, your fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond correctly to insulin. This is called insulin resistance. As a result, blood sugar does not get into these cells to be stored for energy.
When sugar cannot enter cells, a high level of sugar builds up in the blood. This is called hyperglycemia. The body is unable to use the glucose for energy. This leads to the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes usually develops slowly over time. Most people with the disease are overweight or obese when they are diagnosed. Increased fat makes it harder for your body to use insulin the correct way.
Type 2 diabetes can also develop in people who are not overweight or obese. This is more common in older adults.
Family history and genes play a role in type 2 diabetes. Low activity level, poor diet, and excess body weight around the waist increase your chance of getting the disease.
