20. How is ATP involved in maintaining the sodium and potassium gradients across a
cell membrane?

The Sodium-Potassium Pump. Active transport is the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" - against a concentration gradient. ... One way ATP powers active transport is by transferring a phosphate group directly to a carrier protein.

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the most common type of reef is the fringing reef. this type of reef grows seaward directly from the shore. they form borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands.