In tomato plants, three genes are suspected to be linked on the same chromosome. A true-breeding tall plant with smooth fruit that had normal shape was mated to a true- breeding dwarf plant that had peachy fruit with oblate shape. All the F1 progeny were tall with smooth fruit that had a normal shape. You performed a test cross with an F1 plant and observed the following phenotypes in the F2 progeny. 155 dwarf, peach, oblate
151 tall, smooth, normal
33 tall, smooth, oblate
29 dwarf, peach, normal
12 dwarf, smooth, normal
11 tall, peach, oblate
2 tall, peach, normal
0 dwarf, smooth, oblate
A) Perform a chi-square statistical analysis to determine if the tall and smooth genes are segregating according to the law of independent assortment.
B) What are the parental phenotypes and what are the recombinant phenotypes?
C) Construct a genetic map that shows the order of these three genes and the distances between them.

volcanoes (an event in the geosphere) release a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere. these particles serve as nuclei for the formation of water droplets (hydrosphere). rainfall (hydrosphere) often increases following an eruption, stimulating plant growth (biosphere).

the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.