In genes which exhibit rho-independent transcription termination, if a mutation(s) prevents hairpin loop formation, which of the following could occur?

the transcript may become shorter than normal.

the transcript may become longer than normal.

the rho protein won't dissociate from the dna.

rna polymerase won't dissociate from the dna.

a and c

b and d

all of the above

scientists have discovered that hiv does not cause aids by the virus's direct effect on the host's immune cells, but rather through the cells' lethal influence on one another. researchers from the gladstone institutes have revealed that hiv does not cause aids by the virus's

affects the water bodies: excessive use of fertilizers causes eutrophication. the fertilizers which are used on plants affect the quality of land on which it is used, further causing erosion of soil. the fertilizers used on plants contain harmful chemical fumes which affect the environment.