Just a quick summary will do!: A. Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a base change in DNA. Describe how the base change results in a faulty protein being made.

B. Briefly explain the inheritance pattern of the condition.

a) The single base change mutation occurs at the beta chain of haemoglobin when glutamic acid is replaced with valine.

b) Sickle Cell Anemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

Explanation:

Haemoglobin is a protein found in the red blood cells whose main function is to transport oxygen. Sickle Cell Anemia is a disorder caused by a base change in DNA beta chain of haemoglobin. The amino acid valine is substituted for glutamic acid at one point in each of the two beta chains. When this type of hemoglobin is exposed to low oxygen, it forms elongated crystals inside the red blood cells that are sometimes 15 micrometers in length. These make it almost impossible for the cell to pass through many small capillaries, and the spiked ends of the crystals are likely to rupture the cell membrane, leading to sickle cell anemia.

In describing the inheritance patterns of sickle cell anaemia, it is of autosomal recessive pattern. This means that the parent of the affected individual both carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. The gene for normal red blood cell is dominant over the gene for abnormal red blood cell which is said to be recessive. A person who is a stickler should have the genotype SS.

when you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward. this increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. the intercostal muscles between your ribs also enlarge the chest cavity. they contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale.