Describe how a single circulatory system is different to a double circulatory system. The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
Some animals such as fish have a single circulatory system.
In both systems, blood is transported in arteries and veins

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Explanation:

A double circulation system has the lungs on a separate ‘loop’ from the rest of the body. That allows the pulmonary (lung) circulation to operate at low-pressures suited to the delicate tissues of the lungs while the systemic (main) circulation operates at high-pressures in the rest of the body.

You couldn’t have an amphibian giraffe. With a single circulation system, if the blood pressure was high enough to pump blood up to the head, then the lungs would have to be so strongly built that they couldn’t do effective gas-exchange. If the blood pressure was low enough to allow the lungs to work – then the animal would keep fainting due to blood not reaching the brain.

Also, a double system keeps oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood separate, meaning that energy isn’t wasted pumping O 2 -poor and CO 2 -rich blood back around the body.

So the double system is just better engineering. It allows for oxygen and nutrients to be delivered more efficiently, it removes toxins more effectively and it redistribute heat better.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.