Describe the difference between primary succession and secondary succession. (Be sure to use the vocabulary terms: climax community and pioneer species in your description. Also include a general
time frame for each event)

micro/nanoscale topography surface exhibits many prominent properties and is extensively employed in biomedical device, microfluidic device and energy device fabrication. additionally, the clinical applications of biomaterials can be largely expanded with of nanostructured surfaces.

idk what the options are but

these is a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions hence a lot of energy is needed to overcome this attraction

this is why the boiling points are so high

i believe it's c. the trait for large beaks will be passed on to future generations through natural selection.

since eventually smaller beaks would have to find another source of food or even eventually just die out from the lack of food.