9. The ability of cells to pass on their characteristics to new cells is most directly related to the ability of
A) cytoplasm to excrete wastes
B) effectors to respond to environmental changes
C) ribosomes to use energy
D) chromosomes to replicate

answer: b

coz red blood cells marrow and circulates the body for 120 days.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).