What structure if cut off will hamper sexual reproduction in fungi

Alaska and northern canada have a diet rich in vitamin d and their skin color is darker than predicted on the basis of iv intensity at their latitude. explain the observation:

Taq polymerase is an enzyme isolated from the organism thermophilus aquaticus. this organism has been found living in the hot springs of yellowstone national park. this enzyme is used to copy human dna from crime scenes. most reactions are performed at ranges similar to those of the human body; however, what considerations should be made for optimum use of this enzyme? view available hint(s)taq polymerase is an enzyme isolated from the organism thermophilus aquaticus. this organism has been found living in the hot springs of yellowstone national park. this enzyme is used to copy human dna from crime scenes. most reactions are performed at ranges similar to those of the human body; however, what considerations should be made for optimum use of this enzyme? the enzyme will not work on human dna.nothing should be altered.the ph should be decreased.the temperature should be raised.

The small molecule cyclic amp (camp) takes about 0.2 second to diffuse 10 μm, on average, in a cell. suppose that camp is produced near the plasma membrane on one end of the cell; how long will it take for this camp to diffuse through the cytosol and reach the opposite end of a very large cell, on average? assume that the cell is 200 μm in diameter.