Which of the following mutations is most likely to cause a phenotypic change?
a) a duplication of all or most introns
b) a large inversion whose ends are each in intergenic regions
c) a nucleotide substitution in an exon coding for a transmembrane domain
d) a single nucleotide deletion in an exon coding for an active site
e) a frameshift mutation one codon away from the 3' end of the nontemplate strand

How do you date a sample of rock that you suspect as being one of the earliest on earth

Based on the observation that only male crickets produce a song, you hypothesize that a male's song is a form of communication to potential mates. you set up a simple experiment to test this hypothesis. in the laboratory, you place a male snowy tree cricket in enclosure a, which is adjacent to enclosureb. in enclosure b, you place other insects, one at a time, and observe their responses to the male's song. the enclosures are designed so that the two insects being tested cannot see or smell each other, but sound is transmitted from enclosure a to enclosureb.

Explain how the concentration gradient affects the process of atp synthesis