Primary succession begins after a
a) tornado.
b) hurricane.
c) lava flow.
d) forest fire.

C. lava flow

An ecological succession is a change in the biotic community of the ecosystem with respect to change in the non-living factors and time, until the ecosystem attains stability. A primary succession occurs in a region which is completely barren and it is not able to sustain any form of life.

A primary succession begins after a lava flow because lava being a major disaster will completely destroy the soil by overlying hot magma which later on gets solidified in the form of rocks. The rate of soil production again from rocks will determine the speed of ecological succession.  

desert perennials often survive by remaining dormant during dry periods of the year, then springing to life when water becomes available. most annual desert plants germinate only after heavy seasonal rain, then complete their reproductive cycle very quickly.

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