What effects do pioneer species have on an environment undergoing primary succession? give an example of a pioneer species.

Pioneer species like lichen help in weathering, and weathering combined withprocesses like rain and wind causes formation on soil. Soil is very important inan environment because it provides plants its nutrients, and also it provideshome for insects/bacteria/worms. Thus, pioneer species have a very importanteffect on an environment undergoing primary succession because they provide soil

Ithink the answer is d.