Plate tectonics is the movement of the lithosphere plates. these plates float on the (cryosphere, asthenosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere) and move because of mantle (convection, reduction, condensation, growth).

both male and female gametes are produced by meiosis of the germ cells. therefore, both male and female gametes are haploid. one male and one female gamete unite during the fertilization to form the diploid zygote. in seed bearing plants, pollen grain is the male gametophyte, which produces sperm cells.

a symbiotic relationship with the mitochondria