Which disturbance would result in primary succession? a. harvesting wheat by using a combine harvester at the end of the growing season b. controlled burning to stimulate the growth of forest trees such as sequoia c. the formation of surtsey, a volcanic island off of the southern coast of iceland d. the effect of a large herd of elephants on the grasses and shrubs in an area

The formation of Surtsey, a volcanic island off of the southern coast of Ireland. By definition, primary succession refers to when the structure of an ecosystem changes drastically in such a way that it can no longer support organisms. In this case of ecological succession, the formation of the volcanic island creates a new habitat that is unpredicted and is not influenced by any existing ecosystems.