Biology, 10.12.2019 14:31 cairolove228

Outline the principal events and outcomes of the krebs cycle

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During glycolysis in the cytoplasm the glucose is broken down into pyruvate. From the Pyruvate, a two-carbon fragment is used to form acetyl-COA.

Acetyl-COA goes to the mitochondrion and enters the Krebs Cycle.

The two-carbon fragment of the acetyl-COA is transferred to a 4-carbon molecule to form a 6-carbon compound. This COA carrier molecule is released.

From this 6-carbon molecule, the carbon dioxide is released leaving behind a 5-carbon compound. Hydrogen is also removed and transferred to NAD⁺ to form NADH.

A second oxidation and decarboxylation occurs, releasing carbon dioxide and hydrogen and leaving behind a 4-carbon molecule. ATP molecule is also produced in this phase.

The 4-carbon molecule is again oxidized and releases hydrogen that forms the NADH and FADH₂.

The final 4-carbon molecule will then merge with the two-carbon fragment of acetyl-COA and the Krebs cycle will start again.

A single turn of the Krebs cycle will result to 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.

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transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.

these three stages are:

initiation: in which is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

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