13. The cell membrane is made of a .

the element that provides strength to the exoskeletons of clams and oysters is phosphorus.

this is so because calcium carbonate is the main component in the shells. calcium carbonate is strengthened by phosphorus.

explanation:

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

the answer is z.

the human body has five levels of organization. level 1: cells. cells are the basic units of life and form the first level of organization. cells in the human body have specific functions. examples include nerve cells, blood cells, liver cells, and so on.