If several species of carnivores are removed from an ecosystem, the most likely effect on the ecosystem will be an increase in stability among populations.

Which would happen if more forests were cut down? a. the nitrogen cycle would be stopped b. nitrogen would be fixed by bacteria more quickly c. the amount of co2 in the atmosphere would increase d. fossil fuels would build up in the soil c the amount of co2 in the atmosphere would increase

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Approximately what wavelength of light is best absorbed by chlorophyll a