On the planet Feline, there are only cats. For one particular phenotype, Myles, there are two manifestations: either the cats like jazz music (the wild type phenotype) or they do not (the mutant phenotype). Under the assumption this phenotype is determined by a single gene with two alleles, and given that a mating of two wild-type cats produces the following number of offspring: Female, wild-type: 341; Male, wild-type: 369; Female, Myles: 121; Male, Myles: 123. The mode of inheritance most consistent with these data is: A. Autosomal dominant.
B. Two-locus inheritance.
C. Sex-linked recessive.
D. Autosomal recessive.
E. Two-locus dominant.

it provides an alternative energy pathway for the reaction to proceed.

a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not consumed during the course of the reaction.

catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up. they do this by lowering the activation energy needed. with a catalyst, more collisions result in a reaction, so the rate of reaction increases. different reactions need different catalysts.

a catalyst works by providing an alternative reaction pathway to the reaction product. the rate of the reaction is increased as this alternative route has a lower activation energy than the reaction route not mediated by the catalyst.

the last one: artificial selection/genetic engineering

plant breeding is modifying the genetic composition of the plant - but this isn't cloning (which is specifically introducing a gene into a genome). but you are artificially selecting for the phenotype that you want.

the second one is literally genetic engineering - the gene would have been cloned first and then inserted or genetically engineered into the new plant cell (the cotton).