Targeted therapies are used in patients with a set gene expression pattern. A targeted therapy that prevents the activation of the estrogen receptor in breast cancer would be beneficial to which type
of patient?

a. patients who express the EGFR receptor in normal cells
b. patients with a mutation that inactivates the estrogen receptor
c. patients that have no estrogen receptor
d. patients with lots of the estrogen receptor expressed in their tumor

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.

1. efficient use of space

2. elimination of groundwater contamination

3. energy generation

4. lower carbon footprint