The conversion of glucose to L-malate is responsible for the tart flavor of some wines. This transformation occurs in yeast cultures growing anaerobically in the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide. Based on the metabolic pathways you are now familiar with, propose a metabolic route for the fermentative production of L-malate from glucose. Your pathway should be redox balanced (with respect to NAD+ and NADH), should involve no net depletion of TCA cycle intermediates, but does not necessarily need to yield a net gain of ATP.

organisms that lack symmetry are called asymmetrical and belong to phylum porifera/sponges.

organisms with specialized stinging cells belong to phylum cnidaria. stinging cells are called cnidoblast cells.

cnidarians show two morphological forms : polyp (sessile) and medusa (mobile)

filter feeding is observed in porifera members.  

alternation of generation is observed in coelenterata or cnidaria. there is alternation of asexual polyp form and sexual medusoid form. it is also referred as metagenesis.

this would be called the responsiveness