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The correct answer is -

11. b. somatic cell and sex cell of the same organism.

12. d. all the genetic characters will change.

Explanation:

11. the given diagram represents two types of cells of an organism cell I is the somatic cell as it has two sets of chromosomes or diploid chromosome number whereas cell II is a sex cell such as gametes (egg or sperm) has one set of chromosomes or a haploid number of chromosomes.

12. if there is a change in a nucleotide sequence of DNA of a certain gene takes place then there will be minor or major changes occur in the result of the protein as DNA makes codes of mRNA that code for the specific protein that result in specific gene expression or character. There would be only one character that will change as the change occur only a certain gene.

b. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere   is the answer most likely