Joe and Sam were adopted as infants into different families. They have just met and noticed how much they look alike. They are also the same age and suspect that they are twins who were separated at birth. They wish to know the truth, so have their DNA analyzed. Study this DNA fingerprint (RFLP method) and write a short essay that answers the following questions: a. In the last column of the DNA fingerprint, what does "frequency of occurrence" mean?
b. What is the probability that Joe and Sam are not twins (i. e., that the DNA in the fingerprints could have come from unrelated men)?

Explanation:

The missing diagram in the question is attached in the image below.

(A)

From the image below, the frequency of occurrence is shown in the last column.

The frequency of occurrence means the particular band for the entire whole population.

As an example:

1 in 15 frequency of occurrence means; ⇒ One (1) out of every fifteen (15) people has the band.

1 in 450 frequency of occurrence means; ⇒ One (1) out of every 450 people has the band.

(B)

However, Let the probability that Joe and Sam are twins be = A

and the probability that they are not twins be denoted with B;

Then;

P(B) = 1 - P(A)

where;

P(A) = Probability of specific bands appearing on the gel in every one of them

P(A) = 4.37 × 10⁻¹⁵

∴

P(B) = 1 - P(A)

P(B) = 1 - 4.37 × 10⁻¹⁵

P(B) ≅ 1

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