Can someone help me with Earth Science, please? I'll really appreciate it. 1. Describe some surface mining methods.

2. What are some ways an area can undergo reclamation after being mined?

3. What makes a gemstone valuable?

4. How is an atom different from an ion? How is an atom different from an element?

5. How is a molecule different from an element? Can a molecule be an element?

6. In which type of bonding are electrons shared? In which are they given or taken? Which type of bond is stronger?

7. What is a crystal?

8. What are the eight major mineral groups?

9. How does the native elements mineral group differ from all of the other mineral groups?

10. Which properties of a mineral describe the way it breaks apart?

11. Apatite scratches the surface of an unknown mineral. Which mineral would you use next to test the mineral’s hardness—fluorite or feldspar? Explain your reasoning.

12. What is the difference between magma and lava?

13. Explain how mineral veins form.

1:There are five recognized types of surface mining, each with specific variations depending on the minerals being extracted. These include strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, dredging and highwall mining.

2:Refilled/reshaped w/vegetation planted; filled w/water to become a lake; turned into landfill; left open as home for bats or sealed off if underground.

3:Physical characteristics that make a colored stone valuable are color, clarity to a lesser extent (emeralds will always have a number of inclusions), cut, unusual optical phenomena within the stone such as color zoning (the uneven distribution of coloring within a gem) and asteria (star effects).

4:Atoms where the electrons and protons are not equal are called ions. Ions are charged particles. They can be either positively charged ions or negatively charged ions.

5:Molecule is a substance with two or more atoms bonded together such as the oxygen humans breathe (O2). Elements are pure substances made up of all the same atoms such as gold (Au), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Elements all have the same number of protons in their nuclei and can't be broken down.

6:A covalent bond involves electrons being shared between atoms. The most stable state for an atom occurs when its valence electron shell is full, so atoms form covalent bonds, sharing their valence electrons, so that they achieve a more stable state by filling their valence electron shell.

7:A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

8:How does the native elements mineral group differ from all of the other mineral groups? Native elements contain atoms of only one type of element. Only a small number of minerals are found in this category. Some of the minerals in this group are rare and valuable.

9:How does the native elements mineral group differ from all of the other mineral groups? Native elements contain atoms of only one type of element. Only a small number of minerals are found in this category. Some of the minerals in this group are rare and valuable.

10:Cleavage. The way in which a mineral breaks along smooth flat planes is called cleavage. These breaks occur along planes of weakness in the mineral's structure. However, if a mineral breaks along an irregular surface, it does not have cleavage.

11: I would use fluorite to test the hardness because apatite has a higher hardness then fluorite does mean that the unknow mineral is lower on the hardness test then both apatite and feldspar. 5. Why is streak more reliable than color when identifying a mineral?

12:magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock that breaks through the Earth's surface.

13:In geology, a vein is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock. Veins form when mineral constituents carried by an aqueous solution within the rock mass are deposited through precipitation. The hydraulic flow involved is usually due to hydrothermal circulation.

Explanation:

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.