olecular diagnostic techniques that can help diagnose hemoglobin disorders such as hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias include a) biochemical separation, identification, and quantification of mixture components b) separation of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge c) DNA amplification, hybridization, and nucleotide sequencing d) The use of specific monoclonal antibodies

The correct answer is - a) biochemical separation, identification, and quantification of mixture components.

Explanation:

Most hemoglobin disorders can be diagnosed by molecular diagnostic techniques such as protein-based techniques like electrophoresis and chromatography. Protein-based methods can diagnose early thalassemia disorders and hemoglobinopathies but in the case of α-thalassemia may be masked in the presence of β-thalassemia.

Molecular genetic testing plays a very important role in the biochemical separation of molecules or components, identification, and quantification of individuals carrying thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies traits and other hemoglobin disorders.

i think that d. wind is the answer.   i missed the question when i answered a. currents.