What is the function of a chloroplast? A. Gamete production B. Cellular respiration C. Fermentation D. Photosynthesis

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Explanation:

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide enters through the leaf which contains small pours called stomata. The carbon dioxide then enters the cells of the leaf.

Inside the cell carbon dioxide diffuses into the chloroplasts. Where photosynthesis takes place

Chloroplasts use energy from sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

The light reactions

Inside chloroplasts there are these flat membranous sacs called thylakoids.

Thylakoids are the place were light energy is converted into chemical energy in the first phase of photosynthesis the light reactions.

Photosystems

Photosystems are large complexes of proteins and chlorophyll (capture light energy)

Electron transport chain

This chain connects the two photosystems.

Electron carrier

These shuttle (transport that is mainly between 2 things going back and forth) electrons from one photosystem to another

Photosystem

One of the photosystems are used to absorb energy which then excites the electrons that then enter the electron transport chain. These electrons are replaced with electrons stripped from water creating oxygen as a byproduct.

The electrons on the chain

The energised electrons are flowing down the electron transport chain releasing energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions

Hydrogen ions

An atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge due to the loss of one loss or one gained electron.

The electrons on the chain

As the hydrogen ions get pumped out they are then absorbed into the thylakoids

In the photosystem on the right  light energy excites electrons and this time the electrons are captured by an electron carrier molecule also known as NADPH

The high concentration of hydrogen ions inside the thylakoid powers ATP synthase producing ATPS the light reactions in the thylakoid have produced two products, ATP and NADPH.

Those two products then power the production of sugar in the Calvin cycle

THE CALVIN CYCLE (C3 Cycle)

The Calvin cycle takes place outside the thylakoids in the stroma (the thick fluid of the chloroplast).

At the beginning of the cycle

carbon dioxide molecules combine with molecules called rubp the resulting molecules go through a series of reactions  powered by ATP and NADPH from the light reactions sugar molecules known as g3ps are produced.

G3ps

Most of the g3ps molecules are rearranged back into rubp’s that begin the calving cycle again.

The important product

Then some of the left over g3ps is the remaining g3p sugar, some g3ps are used to build glucose which can then combine into starch or even cellulose

Bits of left over g3ps are also able to break down by cellular respiration, which uses oxygen in the plants own mitochondria, this generates ATPS that can power other work of the plant.

The left overs

Excess oxygen diffuses out of the leaf through the pores while more carbon dioxide goes into the leaf pores.

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