Minerals can be classified based on cleavage or fracture. These two properties refer to the way in which a mineral tends to break. Cleavage is an orderly breakage in well-defined planes. It means that the broken
piece of mineral will have flat and smooth sides. Fracture is a random breakage. If a mineral breaks with
rough, random, uneven surfaces, it is said to have fractured. Because each of your mineral samples have
already been broken from another, larger piece of a mineral, you should be able to tell if it has cleavage or
fractures by looking at its sides. Of your 10 minerals, identify three that experienced cleavage.
Cleavage
Fracture

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).

Isotopes of the same element have differ in their

1. isogamy 1 organisms with gametes of the same size and shape 2. anisogamy organisms with gametes of different sizes and shapes 3. oogamy 2 organisms with gametes of the same shape but different sizes 4. gonads gamete-producing organs in lower plants 5. gametangia gamete-producing organs in animals