Cell biologists studying the mobility of plasma membrane proteins fused mouse and human cells together, creating a heterokaryon. They then examined the localization of mouse and human proteins over time. Initially the mouse and human proteins were restricted to separate halves of the heterokaryon. Over time the mouse and human proteins mixed, with each protein eventually being present over the entire cell surface, consistent with proteins being able to move within the plane of the membrane. What techniques could have been used to examine the locations of the mouse and human membrane proteins? a. fluorescence microscopy with gene fusion reporters
b. fluorescence microscopy with fluorophore-labeled antibodies
c. transmission electron microscopy
d. scanning electron microscopy
e. fluorescence microscopy with fluorophore-labeled nucleic acids

A) fluorescence microscopy with fluorophore labeled antibodies

E) fluorescence microscopy with gene fusion reporters

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step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.