4. Giant tortoises live over 100 years in the wild and usually do not start to reproduce until around 40 years of age. Brown rats only live up to three years and can produce offspring after they are five weeks old. Suppose a brown rat had drifted to the Galápagos Island from the mainland at the same time as the tortoise. In which organism do you think speciation would likely occur first? Why?​

1: most common garden plants prefer loam — soils with a balance of different-sized mineral particles (approximately 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay) with ample organic matter and pore space. however, some plants grow better in sandy soils, while others are well-adapted to clay soils.

2: available water capacity is the maximum amount of plant available water a soil can provide. it is an indicator of a soil's ability to retain water and make it sufficiently available for plant use. available water capacity is the water held in soil between its field capacity and permanent wilting point.

3: it is the same for all living things (plants and animals). it also includes very tiny organisms that our eyes cannot see. they are known as microorganisms, and include viruses, bacteria and fungi.