in stage 1 of photosynthesis, a proton gradient is generated and atp is synthesized. where do protons become concentrated in the chloroplast?

hammurabi rulers

good lesson

enzyme active site and substrate specificity

enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. there may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. in some reactions, a single-reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products

a symbiotic relationship with the mitochondria