A. What is a pH buffer and how does it work?

Explanation:

A buffer is an aqueous solution that can resist significant changes in pH levels upon the addition of small amount of acid or alkali. Each buffer is characterized by a set ‘capacity’ which is defined as the quantity of strong acid or base that must be added to change the pH of one liter of solution by one pH unit. In other words, buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added before the pH begins to change significantly.

A buffer range is the specific pH range in which a buffer effectively neutralizes the added acid or base, while maintaining nearly constant pH. Capacity and range of a particular buffer ensures that the added small amount of acid/base is neutralized and the chemical reaction keeps going without giving a wrong outcome for the experiment/process. Simply put, a buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid

tsd is temerature dependent sex determination.

tsd: it is a type of environmental sex determination in which the temperature experienced during embryonic/ larval development (ambient temperature for development) determine the sex of the offspring.

crocodile displays the tsd where the ambient temperature of the developing egg determines the individual's sex. for example in the american alligator's eggs, incubation at 33 ºc produces mostly males, while incubation at 30 ºc produces mostly females. so if the american alligator's egg will get the ambient temperature (33 degree celcius)during embryonic development from egg, the offspring will be male and same for the female sex determination.