Which statement about fitness and natural selection is true? a) the fitness of individuals of a particular phenotype is a function of the probability that such individuals survive, divided by the average number of offspring they produce
b) changes in the absolute numbers of offspring necessarily lead to changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
c) natural selection operates directly on the genotype
d) the fitness of an individual is determined solely by its ability to survive
e) the fitness Of individuals of a particular phenotype is a function of the probability that such individual survive, multiplied by the average number of offspring they produce