4. We have 2 copies of each of our genes. (a) In terms of an oncogene, how many of these 2 copies need to be defective for it to cause cancer? (b) How does this contrast with tumor suppressor genes?

Structures in cells that carry out specific functions.

Membrane vesicles containing an internal sodium chloride (nacl) concentration of 0.14 m are placed into separate beakers each containing a different solution. the first beaker contains 0.14 m sucrose, while the second beaker contains 0.14 m calcium chloride (cacl2). the temperature is 25°c. what is the solute potential inside the vesicles, expressed in units of mpa?

The law of thermodynamics states that energy can't be created or destroyed. to natural sources of energy on earth are the