how dose the formation of the earth's surface (geosphere) and the formation of the atmosphere relate to the emergence of life (biosphere)

Why do carbohydrate molecules function so well as fuel for the body?

Epinephrine is a hormone released from the adrenal gland of the body, most often in a stressful situation. it is known as the "fight-or-flight" hormone. one way that it causes a response in the body is to activate receptors on muscle cells. where are these cellular receptors located? a. on the cell membrane b. in the nucleus c. on the cell wall d. around the mitochondria

What is the farthest destination to date for a human spaceflight mission?