Why are the spores produced on the underside of the fronds?.

Apart of an ecosystem that can restrict the growth of a population is referred to as

What is used to keep track of the gamates and possible offsprings combination

An organism's reproductive strategy includes all of the following except a. the number of offspring produced. b. the amount of energy expended in producing offspring. c. the length of time parental care is given d. the number of alleles an organism passes on.