In cladistics, biologists attempt to place species into groups that each include an ancestral species and all of its descendants. A group that is paraphyletic fails to accomplish this goal in what way?.

Which of these is not an example of molecular homology? 1. use of dna and rna as genetic material 2.use of glycolysis as the first step in cellular respiration in both plants and animals 3. the lack of an igf-1 gene in prokaryotes 4. the use of aldolase b to break down fructose in bacteria, plants and animals