Suppose that a dominant allele (p) codes for a polka-dot tail and a recessive allele (p) codes for a solid colored tail. if two heterozygous individuals with polka-dot tails mate, what's the probability of the phenotype and genotype combinations of the offspring? a. 25 percent chance of a polka-dot tail and 75 percent chance of a solid colored tail (25 percent pp; 50 percent pp; 25 percent pp) b. 50 percent chance of a polka-dot tail and 50 percent chance of a solid colored tail (50 percent pp; 50 percent pp) c. 75 percent chance of a polka-dot tail and 25 percent chance of a solid colored tail (25 percent pp; 50 percent pp; 25 percent pp) d. 75 percent chance of a polka-dot tail and 25 percent chance of a solid colored tail (75 percent pp; 25 percent pp)

The correct answer is C. As Pp (heterozygous allele) crosses with Pp( another heterozygous allele), the resultant genotypes would be PP, Pp, Pp, pp. This confirms that 25 percent of the population would be homozygous polka-dotted, another 25 would be homozygous solid colored, and rest of the 50 percent would be heterozygous polka. Thus, a total of 75 percent would be polka-dotted.

When a virus infects a host cell, it uses the cell's machinery to make copies of its own genetic material in a process called replication. finally, during the process of self-assembly, that protein shell and the copies of the virus's genetic material are assembled into new viruses.

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic