If ash particles from an erupting volcano enter water, they can clog the gills of fish and other aquatic organisms causing them to choke. this is an example of the affecting the choices: biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere

b is the best answer for this question.

the answer is; comparing the frequency of collisions with and without the device

this makes the anti-collision system an independent variable and the collisions a dependent variable. if there are fewer collisions with an anti-collision system that without, then it can be stated that the system is a success. essentially, collisions under an anti-collision system are compared with the frequency of collisions by cars with the human drivers.