Scientists measure the rates of biochemical processes by monitoring either substrate depletion or product generation. considering this, what substrates or products might you monitor to determine the rate of photosynthesis? of cellular respiration?

The right answer is to monitor the increase or the decrease of gases which are O2 and CO2.

In photosynthesis:

It takes carbon dioxide and water to synthesize a molecule of glucose, releasing oxygen, thanks to the light energy. So we can monitor either the increase in oxygen or the decrease in carbon dioxide.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2

In the cellular repsiration:

Breathing is a physiological process that supplies the body with oxygen and releases it from carbon dioxide. So we can monitor either the increase in CO2 or the decrease in O2.

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

americans began to notice growing differences between the northern and southern sections of the country. there were more people living in cities in the north, which made it more urban. more people lived on farms in the south, which made it more rural. while many people were farmers in the northern states, there were now other ways to make a living, such as working in mechanical cotton gins factories manufacturing cloth, tools and other goods. people in the north supported high tariffs on goods imported from europe because the extra cost encouraged people to “buy american” instead. in the southern states, planters did not like tariffs because they sold most of their production to europe and bought their tools from there as well. southerners believed the protective tariff was something that only northern factory owners keep their profits high. so the southern politicians came up with an idea. they would opt out. they would simply ignore the protective tariff. it was ‘null and void’ in south carolina. the state would not collect the taxes on goods imported into south carolina, no matter what the president said they had to do. this decision led to the nullification crisis.