Which scientific design has both practical limitations and limitations due to scale?

Could someone me with number one you

Jason adds the antibiotic penicillin to a bacterial culture. the bacteria develop genetic modifications in their genome, which gives them resistance to the antibiotic penicillin. what caused this genetic modification?

In sweet pea, gene c is responsible for color production and gene p is responsible for the purple color pigment. both of them are located on two different loci on different chromosomes. the flowers will be purple only when the plant has the genotypes as c_p_. no color will be produced with genotypes: ccpp, ccpp, ccpp, ccpp. thus, gene c controls the expression of gene p. what pattern of inheritance is exhibited here? a. pleiotropy b. epistasis c. multiple alleles