Carbolfuchsin used in the original acid fast stain consisted of 0.3 g basic fuchs in 10 ml 95% ethanol 5ml phenol and 95 ml water . the recipe for the kingpin modification is 4 g basic fuchsin in 20 ml ethanol 8g phenol and 100 ml water . the original acid fast stain require heating the smear to force the carbolfuchsin into the wall. why can heat be eliminated in the kingpin modification that you used ?

The reason is that, the mycobacterium wax-like lipid such as Nocardia is not susceptible to staining or decolorization, hence, the heat allowed penetration of the stain. Also, the kinyoun modification does not require heat because a more concentrated fuchsin is used

Explanation:

The Kinyoun method or stain, otherwise known as cold method, is a procedure used to stain acid-fast species of the bacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia and the apicomplexan genus Cryptosporidium.

Developed by Joseph Kinyoun, researched that, given particular species of bacteria that have a waxy lipid called mycolic acid, in their cell walls, this allow them to be stained with Acid-Fast better than a Gram-Stain.

This is due to the fact that mycobacteria, has the special ability to resist staining or decolorization byacid-alcohol, hence, it was termed acid-fast.

The procedure involves the application of a primary stain (basic fuchsin), a decolorizer (acid-alcohol), and a counterstain

Therefore, in this case, the reason the heat can be eliminated in the kingpin modification is that, the mycobacterium wax-like lipid such as Nocardia is not susceptible to staining or decolorization, hence, the heat allowed penetration of the stain. Also, the kinyoun modification does not require heat because a more concentrated fuchsin is used.

a fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.[1] the age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.[2] fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.[3] other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon to hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

the theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by andreas libavius "in his 1597 alchemia [alchymia]" and later by mikhail lomonosov "as early as 1757 and certainly by 1763".[4] the first use of the term "fossil fuel" was by the german chemist caspar neumann, in english translation in 1759.[5]

in 2017 the world's primary energy sources consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (28%), natural gas (23%), amounting to an 85% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world.[6] non-fossil sources in 2006 included nuclear (8.5%), hydroelectric (6.3%), and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%.[7] world energy consumption was growing at about 2.3% per year. in 2015 about 18% of worldwide consumption was from renewable sources.[8]

the answer would be..

b. sucking