In which of the following ways are the concepts of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium in evolution similar? a. both find long periods of relative stability within each species in the fossil record. b. both state that evolution has been going on throughout earth's history. c. both explain that evolution happens continuously as small genetic variations accumulate. d. both require extinction of one species before another species can arise.

Option B, Both state that evolution has been going on throughout Earth's history

Explanation:

In gradualism equilibrium, the change occur slowly and continuously. While in a punctuated equilibrium, the change occur a bit rapidly than the gradualism equilibrium.

Hence, in terms of similarity both the gradualism and punctuated equilibrium show evolution through ages.

Most of the fossil's evolutionary puzzles have been solved using the gradualism and Neo-Darwinism theory and the remaining unresolved links in  between were solved using the punctuated equilibrium.

Hence, option B is correct.

they fuse to form they have half as many chromosomes as a somatic cell of the same individual. b

substitution is the answer in this case