In ecological succession the first living things to colonize a hitherto barren area is called a

Pioneer organism

Explanation:

A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a barren region for the first time. This is the case after the life in a particular region has been destroyed (such as after a natural disaster, a mass extinction, or any other similar event). Some organisms are more commonly pioneer than others, as their adaptability is particularly high. This includes lichens and algae.

many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched is called basal taxon. when two lineages stem from the same branch point, they are called sister taxa.

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explanation:

d. groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.