What characteristics of a sound wave determine the loudness and pitch that we perceive?

The intensity of the sound wave, that is the amplitude and distance from wave source, determines the loudness of a sound. The frequency of the sound wave determines the pitch that we perceive.

Hope this helped

Tobey.

just here for the other one bc they put up with u

you didn't give any options but heres what i can tell you: an inference is likely to change based on additional observations. the latter is something that you have seen or sensed using your sensory organs while the former is like a conclusion out from what you have observed.