Transport of materials into a cell against a concentration gradient, from low to high, requires a) water. b) energy. c) osmosis. d) a passageway.

b) energy

Explanation:

To survive, cells require many substances to be at higher concentrations inside the cell than outside of it. This is known as active transport and requires cell energy.

the answer is "a.) well–developed vascular system."

explanation:

igneous rocks are formed by solidification of cooled magma (molten rock), with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.  

the composition depends on the source magma. there are almost a thousand types of composition found till now.  

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