Cancer is essentially a never-ending repetition of the s phase of the cell cycle. unregulated mitotic cell division. the binding of cyclins and cdks. the creation of extra checkpoints in the cell cycle.

The answer is unregulated mitotic division.

This occurs due to the failure of tumor suppressor factors such as the p53 proteins. These tumor suppressors are involved in the checkpoints of cell cycles especially when they are damage to DNA. They are also involved in the apoptosis of such cells. The unchecked activation of cyclin-dependent kinases causes unregulated progression of mitosis.

the correct answer is: b. pantala flavescens, because these organisms would have a high level of genetic variation due to sexual reproduction.  

because involves two organisms (parents) whose genetic material combines, sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation in new generations of offspring. the offspring is an unique organism, with new genome, more protected with the higher ability to adapted. this process is fundamental to evolution.